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Personal information may not be disclosed without consent unless

  1. On reasonable grounds, it could be useful in an investigation of a crime against the Laws of Canada

  2. It is used in respect to an emergency that effects life, health, or security of an individual

  3. It is used for statistical, scholarly study or research

  4. All of the above

The correct answer is: It is used in respect to an emergency that effects life, health, or security of an individual

The correct answer is that personal information may not be disclosed without consent in situations where it is used in relation to an emergency that affects the life, health, or security of an individual. This is because there are specific scenarios where the urgency and importance of protecting an individual's well-being outweigh the necessity of obtaining consent. In emergency situations, such as medical crises or safety threats, immediate access to personal information can be crucial for providing timely assistance or intervention. The principle behind this allowance is to prioritize the safety and security of individuals when they are at risk, potentially saving lives or preventing harm. While other reasons provided in the options may legitimately allow for the use or disclosure of personal information, the urgency of emergencies focused on health and safety stands out as a pressing rationale for bypassing consent requirements.